Search for: All records

We present and evaluate TTG, a novel programming model and its C++ implementation that by marrying the ideas of control and data flowgraph programming supports compact specification and efficient distributed execution of dynamic and irregular applications. Programming interfaces that support task-based execution often only support shared memory parallel environments; a few support distributed memory environments, either by discovering the entire DAG of tasks on all processes, or by introducing explicit communications. The first approach limits scalability, while the second increases the complexity of programming. We demonstrate how TTG can address these issues without sacrificing scalability or programmability by providing higher-level abstractions than conventionally provided by task-centric programming systems, without impeding the ability of these runtimes to manage task creation and execution as well as data and resource management efficiently. TTG supports distributed memory execution over 2 different task runtimes, PaRSEC and MADNESS. Performance of four paradigmatic applications (in graph analytics, dense and block-sparse linear algebra, and numerical integrodifferential calculus) with various degrees of irregularity implemented in TTG is illustrated on large distributed-memory platforms and compared to the state-of-the-art implementations. 

On shared-memory multicore machines, classic two-way recursive divide-and-conquer algorithms are implemented using common fork-join based parallel programming paradigms such as Intel Cilk+ or OpenMP. However, in such parallel paradigms, the use of joins for synchronization may lead to artificial dependencies among function calls which are not implied by the underlying DP recurrence. These artificial dependencies can increase the span asymptotically and thus reduce parallelism. From a practical perspective, they can lead to resource underutilization, i.e., threads becoming idle. To eliminate such artificial dependencies, task-based runtime systems and data-flow parallel paradigms, such as Concurrent Collections (CnC), PaRSEC, and Legion have been introduced. Such parallel paradigms and runtime systems overcome the limitations of fork-join parallelism by specifying data dependencies at a finer granularity and allowing tasks to execute as soon as dependencies are satisfied.In this paper, we investigate how the performance of data-flow implementations of recursive divide-and-conquer based DP algorithms compare with fork-join implementations. We have designed and implemented data-flow versions of DP algorithms in Intel CnC and compared the performance with fork-join based implementations in OpenMP. Considering different execution parameters (e.g., algorithmic properties such as recursive base size as well as machine configuration such as the number of physical cores, etc), our results confirm that a data-flow based implementation outperforms its fork-join based counter-part when due to artificial dependencies, the fork-join implementation fails to generate enough subtasks to keep all processors busy and does not have enough data locality to compensate for the lost performance. This phenomena happens when the input size of the DP algorithm is small or we have a huge number of compute cores in the system. As a result, with a fixed computation resource, moving from small input to larger input, fork-join implementation of DP algorithms outperforms the corresponding data-flow implementation. However, for a fixed size problem, moving the computation to a compute node with a larger number of cores, data-flow implementation outperforms the corresponding fork-join implementation. 

The binary-forking model is a parallel computation model, formally defined by Blelloch et al., in which a thread can fork a concurrent child thread, recursively and asynchronously. The model incurs a cost of Theta(log n) to spawn or synchronize n tasks or threads. The binary-forking model realistically captures the performance of parallel algorithms implemented using modern multithreaded programming languages on multicore shared-memory machines. In contrast, the widely studied theoretical PRAM model does not consider the cost of spawning and synchronizing threads, and as a result, algorithms achieving optimal performance bounds in the PRAM model may not be optimal in the binary-forking model. Often, algorithms need to be redesigned to achieve optimal performance bounds in the binary-forking model and the non-constant synchronization cost makes the task challenging. In this paper, we show that in the binary-forking model we can achieve optimal or near-optimal span with negligible or no asymptotic blowup in work for comparison-based sorting, Strassen's matrix multiplication (MM), and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Our major results are as follows: (1) A randomized comparison-based sorting algorithm with optimal O(log n) span and O(nlog n) work, both w.h.p. in n. (2) An optimal O(log n) span algorithm for Strassen's matrix multiplication (MM) with only a loglog n - factor blow-up in work as well as a near-optimal O(log n loglog log n) span algorithm with no asymptotic blow-up in work. (3) A near-optimal O(log n logloglog n) span Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm with less than a log n-factor blow-up in work for all practical values of n (i.e., n le 10 ^10,000) 

The binary-forking model is a parallel computation model, formally defined by Blelloch et al., in which a thread can fork a concurrent child thread, recursively and asynchronously. The model incurs a cost of Theta(log n) to spawn or synchronize n tasks or threads. The binary-forking model realistically captures the performance of parallel algorithms implemented using modern multithreaded programming languages on multicore shared-memory machines. In contrast, the widely studied theoretical PRAM model does not consider the cost of spawning and synchronizing threads, and as a result, algorithms achieving optimal performance bounds in the PRAM model may not be optimal in the binary-forking model. Often, algorithms need to be redesigned to achieve optimal performance bounds in the binary-forking model and the non-constant synchronization cost makes the task challenging. In this paper, we show that in the binary-forking model we can achieve optimal or near-optimal span with negligible or no asymptotic blowup in work for comparison-based sorting, Strassen's matrix multiplication (MM), and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Our major results are as follows: (1) A randomized comparison-based sorting algorithm with optimal O(log n) span and O(nlog n) work, both w.h.p. in n. (2) An optimal O(log n) span algorithm for Strassen's matrix multiplication (MM) with only a loglog n - factor blow-up in work as well as a near-optimal O(log n loglog log n) span algorithm with no asymptotic blow-up in work. (3) A near-optimal O(log n logloglog n) span Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm with less than a log n-factor blow-up in work for all practical values of n (i.e., n le 10 ^10,000 ). 

We present a novel framework to automatically derive highly efficient parametric multi-way recursive divide-&-conquer algorithms for a class of dynamic programming (DP) problems. Standard two-way or any fixed R-way recursive divide-&-conquer algorithms may not fully exploit many-core processors. To run efficiently on a given machine, the value of R may need to be different for every level of recursion based on the number of processors available and the sizes of memory/caches at different levels of the memory hierarchy. The set of R values that work well on a given machine may not work efficiently on another machine with a different set of machine parameters. To improve portability and efficiency, Multi-way Autogen generates parametric multi-way recursive divide-&-conquer algorithms where the value of R can be changed on the fly for every level of recursion. We present experimental results demonstrating the performance and scalability of the parallel programs produced by our framework.